Poly (a-naphthylamine) (PNPA), polyaniline (PANI), and copoly (aniline-a-naphthyl- amine) were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of a-naphthyl- amine (NPA) and aniline (ANI), respectively, using ammonium persulphate [(NH4)2S2O8] (APS) as initiator in the presence of methane sulphonic acid (MSA). For chemical polymerization to obtain the corresponding homo- and copolymers, two procedures were adopted, i.e., an aqueous solution of methane sulphonic acid and an interfacial process using chloroform and aqueous solution. Poly (a-naphthylamine) (PNPA), polyaniline (PANI) and copolymer nanostructures were synthesized by simply tuning the preparation in a two-phase medium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and four probe conductivity measurement techniques were applied for the characterization of the products. The difference between homoand copolymer morphologies was attributed to the difference between the relative rates of interfacial nucleation and aqueous nucleation methods. Conductivity, solubility and morphologies of these copolymer films were compared in order to give some insights into their differences. The results obtained showed that the conductivity and solubility properties of nanostructure copolymers are higher than copolymers prepared by conventional method.

Polyurea microcapsules containing an active agent, i.e. ethion as pesticide, have been prepared by interfacial polymerization between 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion system. The effects of the nature of the emulsifier, the monomer weight ratio, and a novel promoter, i.e. potassium phthalimide-N-oxyl (PPINO), on the morphology, microstructure, and thermal stability of the microcapsules have been investigated. PPINO was used as a water-soluble promoter capable of dimerizing and trimerizing the isocyanate reactant in the interfacial polymerization. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs showed that the addition of the promoter had no significant effect on the microcapsule shell thickness. Increasing the amount of PPINO caused the degree of crystallinity of the polymer shell to decrease considerably. In addition, increasing the amount of promoter up to 2wt% caused the thermal stability of the microcapsules to decrease, while using promoter beyond this level resulted in higher thermal stability.

In this research, thin film heterogeneous cation exchange membrane was prepared by interfacial polymerization of polyacrylic acid-co-iron nickel oxide nanoparticles on PVC based substrate. Spectra analysis confirmed graft polymerization conclusively. The SEM images showed that polymerized layer covers the membranes by simple gel network entanglement. Results exhibited that membrane water content was decreased by graft polymerization of PAA/Fe2NiO4 nanoparticles on membrane surface.Membrane potential, transport number and permselectivity all were declined initially by PAA interfacial polymerization in NaCl ionic solution and then began to increase. The membrane transport number and permselectivity showed decreasing trend in bivalent (BaCl2) ionic solution. The sodium flux and permeability were improved sharply by PAA graft polymerization on membrane surface and then decreased slightly by graft polymerization of PAA/Fe2NiO4 nanoparticles. Different behavior was found for barium flux and permeability. Membrane areal electrical resistance was also decreased by introducing interfacial graft polymerization on membrane surface.

Thin Film Composite (TFC) membranes were fabricated by Interfacial Polymerization (IP) ofM-Phenylene Diamine (MPD) and Tri-Mesoyl Chloride (TMC) on Polysulfone (PSf) support in the presence of hydrothermally synthesized TS-1 zeolite as an additive blended in the MPD aqueous solution. Formation of the MFI structure (Pentasil Zeolite), presence of extra-framework TiO2, and zeolite particle size were investigated through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) analyses, respectively. In addition, the effect of the TS-1 zeolite concentration in the range of 0-0.02 wt. % on the desalination and antifouling performance of the reverse osmosis membranes was evaluated in this study. The obtained results revealed that the membrane containing zeolite at the optimal concentration of 0.005 wt. % had the smoothest surface (RMS: 21.05 nm) and lowest contact angle (51.32°), thus exhibiting the best performance in the water flux of 47.5 Lm-2h-1 at 15 bars. In addition, compared to the unfilled TFC membrane, the rejection percentage of NaCl was calculated as 96.7 % (2000 ppm). Further, the antifouling ability of the membranes in the face of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) showed the excellent fouling resistance of the zeolite-modified membranes.

Polyurea microcapsules containing pesticide (Dursban trade name for O,O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate, C9H11C13NO3PS) as an active agent were prepared by reaction of polyisocyanate (such as toluene diisocyanate) and polyamine (such as diethylene triamine) as the monomers. The first step gives rise to the formation of oil-in-water emulsion, this is followed by initiation of polymerization process to produce polyurea capsule wall. It has been found that the microcapsule formation depends on temperature, type and amount of emulsifier, co-emulsifier, matrix forming agent, stirring speed, organic phase, etc. This paper is devoted to the studies of above factors that optimize the formation of microcapsules wall. Formation of polyurea was confirmed by F-I-IR technique and the thermal behaviour of polyurea microcapsules was investigated by differential scanning calorimetery method. The morphology of microcapsules was studied by scanning electron microscope.  

The issue of water consumption in the world has been raised as a vital issue in recent decades. Membrane technology is one of the optimal methods to replace thermal methods for freshwater production. Among the methods of desalination and water production, the reverse osmosis membrane method invented in recent decades has quickly found its place in the industry. Today, about half of the world's freshwater production capacity is provided by reverse osmosis membrane technology. The main part of the reverse osmosis process is the membrane, which is generally made of a polymeric material. The fabrication of these polymer membranes and the optimization of their formulations and properties have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, and their results have been commercialized in some large companies. Due to the importance of this issue in various industries, including power plants, in this article, a review of reverse osmosis membrane synthesis methods has been done. Also, the optimal synthesis method, which is the interfacial polymerization method, is introduced and some points are provided in this regard. Older methods, including cellulose acetate casting, were first used by researchers. However, due to the challenges of these old methods, researchers developed the interfacial polymerization method by making a thin film composite with polyamide material as the main component of the reverse osmosis membrane.